포항고등영어과외선생님 포항고등수학전문과외포항중등영어방문과외 포항중등수학전문과외선생님포항초등영어과외교사 포항초등수학과외학생포항고등영어과외수업 포항고등수학과외공부over his actions in the Quasi-War.[133] ※Republicans pointed to the Alien and Sedition Acts and accused the Federalists of being secret monarchists, while Federalists charged that Jefferson was a godless libertine in thrall to the French.[134] Historian Joyce Appleby said the election was "one of the most acrimonious in the annals of American history".[135] Republicans ultimately won more electoral college votes, but Jefferson and his vice-presidential candidate Aaron Burr ※unexpectedly received an equal total. Due to the tie, the election was decided by the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives.[136][j] Hamilton lobbied Federalist representatives on Jefferson's behalf, believing him a lesser political evil than Burr. On February 17, 1801, after thirty-six ballots, the House elected Jefferson president and Burr vice president.[137]※ The win was marked by Republican celebrations throughout the country.[138] Some of Jefferson's opponents argued that he owed his victory over Adams to the South's inflated number of electors, due to counting slaves as※ partial population under the Three-Fifths Compromise.[139] Others alleged that Jefferson secured James Asheton Bayard's tie-breaking electoral vote by guaranteeing the retention of various Federalist posts in the government.[137] Jefferson disputed the allegation, and the historical record is inconclusive.[140] The transition proceeded smoothly, marking a watershed in American history. As historian Gordon S. Wood writes, "it ※was one of the first popular elections in modern history that resulted in the peaceful transfer of power from one 'party' to another."[137] Presidency (1801–1809) Main article: Presidency of Thomas Jefferson The Jefferson Cabinet Office Name Term President Thomas Jefferson 1801–1809 Vice President Aaron Burr 1801–1805 George Clinton 1805–1809 Secretary ※of State James Madison 1801–1809 Secretary of Treasury Samuel Dexter 1801 Albert Gallatin 1801–1809 Secretary of War Henry Dearborn 1801–1809 Attorney General Levi Lincoln Sr. 1801–1804 John Breckinridge 1805–1806 Caesar A. Rodney 1807–※ 1809 Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert 1801 Robert Smith 1801–1809 Jefferson was sworn in by Chief Justice John Marshall at the new Capitol in Washington, D.C. on March 4, 1801. In contrast to his predecessors, Jefferson exhibited a dislike of formal etiquette; he arrived alone on horseback without escort, dressed plainly[141] and, after dismounting, retired his own horse to the nearby stable.[142] His inaugural ※address struck a note of reconciliation, declaring, "We have been called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."[143] Ideologically, Jefferson stressed "equal and exact justice to all men", minority rights, and freedom of speech, religion, and press.[144] He said that a free and democratic government was ※"the strongest government on earth."[144] He nominated moderate Republicans to his cabinet: James Madison as Secretary of State, Henry Dearborn as Secretary of War, Levi Lincoln as Attorney General, and Robert Smith as Secretary of the※ Navy.[145] Upon assuming office, he first confronted an $83 million national debt.[146] He began dismantling Hamilton's Federalist fiscal system with help from Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin.[145] Jefferson's administration eliminated the whiskey excise and other taxes after closing "unnecessary offices" and cutting "useless establishments and expenses".[147][148] They attempted to disassemble the national bank and its ※effect of increasing national debt, but were dissuaded by Gallatin.[149] Jefferson shrank the Navy, deeming it unnecessary in peacetime.[150] Instead, he incorporated a fleet of inexpensive gunboats used only for defense with the idea that they would not provoke foreign hostilities.[147] After two terms, he had lowered the national debt from $83 million to ※$57 million.[146] Jefferson pardoned several of those imprisoned under the Alien and Sedition Acts.[151] Congressional Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which removed nearly all of Adams's
