송파구고등영어전문과외수업 송파구고등수학방문과외수업송파구중등영어과외지도 송파구중등수학과외선생님송파구초등영어과외학생 송파구초등수학과외전문송파구고등수학일대일과외 송파구고등영어전문과외지도of the federal government's continuous involvement in civil works. ㉦The General Survey Act authorized the president to have surveys made of routes for roads and canals "of national importance, in a commercial or military point of view, or necessary for the transportation of public mail." The president assigned responsibility for the surveys to the Army Corps of Engineers. The second act, passed a month later, appropriated $75,000 to improve navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi ㉦rivers by removing sandbars, snags, and other obstacles. Subsequently, the act was amended to include other rivers such as the Missouri. This work, too, was given to the Corps of Engineers—the only formally trained body of engineers in the new republic and, as part of the nation's small army, available to serve the wishes of Congress and the executive branch.[86] Panic of 1819 Two years into his presidency, Monroe faced an economic crisis known as the Panic of 1819, the first major depression to hit the ㉦country since the ratification of the Constitution in 1788.[90] The panic ㉦stemmed from declining imports and exports, and sagging agricultural prices[87] as global markets readjusted to peacetime production and commerce in the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars.[91][92] The severity of the economic downturn in the U.S. was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands,[93][94] fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from banks and business concerns.[95][96] ㉦Monroe lacked the power to intervene directly in the economy, as banks were largely regulated by the states, and he could do little to stem the economic crisis.[97] Before the onset of the Panic of 1819, some business leaders had called on Congress to increase tariff rates to address the negative balance of trade and help struggling industries.[98] As the panic spread, Monroe declined to call a special session of Congress to address the economy. When Congress finally reconvened in December 1819, Monroe ㉦requested an increase in the tariff but declined to recommend specific rates.[99] Congress ㉦would not raise tariff rates until the passage of the Tariff of 1824.[100] The panic resulted in high unemployment and an increase in bankruptcies and foreclosures,[87][101] and provoked popular resentment against banking and business enterprises.[102][103] Foreign affairs According to historian William E. Weeks, "Monroe evolved a comprehensive strategy aimed at expanding the Union externally while solidifying it internally". ㉦He expanded trade and pacified relations with Great Britain while expanding the United States at the expense of the Spanish Empire, from which he obtained Florida and the recognition of a border across the continent. Faced with the breakdown of the expansionist consensus over the question of slavery, the president tried to provide both North and South with guarantees that future expansion would not tip the balance of power between slave and free states, a system that, Weeks remarks, did indeed allow the ㉦continuation of American expansion for the best of four decades.[104] Treaties with Britain and ㉦Russia Monroe pursued warmer relations with Britain in the aftermath of the War of 1812.[105] In 1817 the United States and Britain signed the Rush–Bagot Treaty, which regulated naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and demilitarized the border between the U.S. and British North America.[106] The Treaty of 1818, also with Great Britain, was concluded October 20, 1818, and fixed the present ㉦ Canada–United States border from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel. The accords also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of Oregon Country for the next ten years.[107] Though they did not solve every outstanding issue between the U.S. and Britain, the treaties allowed for greater trade between the United States and the British Empire and helped avoid an expensive naval arms race in the Great Lakes.[105] Late in Monroe's second term, the U.S. concluded the Russo-American Treaty of ㉦1824 with the Russian Empire, setting the southern limit of
