마포구고등영어과외내신 마포구고등수학과외정시마포구중등영어과외수업 마포구중등수학과외지도마포구초등영어과외선생님 마포구초등수학과외방문교사마포구고등영어과외전문교사 마포구고등수학과외방문선생님Madison never lost his temper or had ⓜⓟhis slaves whipped, preferring to reprimand.[254] One slave, Billey, attempted to escape Madison while in Philadelphia during the American Revolution, but was caught. Rather than free him, or return him to Virginia, Madison sold Billey in Philadelphia, under a gradual emancipation law adopted in Pennsylvania. Billey soon earned his freedom and worked for a Philadelphia merchant. Billey, however, was drowned on a voyage to New Oⓜⓟrleans.[254] Madison never outwardly expressed blacks were inferior, but he presumably held such a belief. He tended to express open-mindedness on the question of race.[255] By 1801, Madison's slave population at Montpelier was slightly over 100. During the 1820s and 1830s, Madison was forced to sell land and slaves, caused by debts. In 1836, ⓜⓟat the time of Madison's death, Madison owned 36 taxable slaves.[255] Madison's conservatism prevailed, due to finances, while he failed to free any of his slaves either during his lifetime or in his will.[249][253] Upon Madison's death, he left ⓜⓟhis remaining slaves to his wife Dolley, asking her only to sell her slaves with their consent. However, Dolley, sold many of her slaves without their consent. The remaining slaves, after Dolley's death, were given to her son, Payne Todd, who freed them upon his death. However, Todd had debts, and likely only a few slaves were actually freed. [256] Physical characteristics and health James Madison Gilbert Stuart 1805-1807 Madison ⓜⓟwas small in stature, had bright blue eyes, a strong demeanor, and was known to be humorous at small gatherings. Madison suffered from serious illnesses, nervousness, and was often exhausted after periods of stress. Madison often feared for the worst and was a hypochondriac. However, Madison was in good health, while he lived a long life, ⓜⓟwithout the common maladies of his times.[257] Legacy Historical reputation Madison is widely regarded as one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States. Historian J.C.A. Stagg writes that "in some ways—because he was on the ⓜⓟwinning side of every important issue facing the young nation from 1776 to 1816—Madison was the most successful and possibly the most influential of all the Founding Fathers."[258] Though he helped found a major political party and served as the fourth president of the United States, his legacy has largely been defined by his contributions to the Constitution; even in his own life he was hailed as the "Father of the ⓜⓟConstitution."[259] Law professor Noah Feldman writes that Madison "invented and theorized the modern ideal of an expanded, federal constitution that combines local self-government with an overarching national order." Feldman adds that Madison's "model of liberty-protecting constitutional government" is "the most influential American idea in global political ⓜⓟhistory."[260] Polls of historians and political scientists tend to rank Madison as an above average president. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Madison as the twelfth ⓜⓟ best president.[261] Wood commends Madison for his steady leadership during the war and resolve to avoid expanding the president's power, noting one contemporary's observation that the war was conducted "without one trial for treason, or even one prosecution for libel."[262] Nonetheless, many historians have criticized Madison's tenure as president.[263] Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris in 1968 said the ⓜⓟconventional view of Madison was as an "incapable President" who "mismanaged an unnecessary war."[264] A 2006 poll of historians ranked Madison's failure to prevent the War of 1812 as the sixth-worst mistake made by a sitting president.[265] The historian Garry Wills wrote, "Madison's claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, ⓜⓟany more than it rests on his presidency. He has other virtues. ... As a framer and defender of the Constitution he had no peer. ... The finest part of Madison's performance as president was his concern for the preserving of the Constitution. ...
