성북구고등영어과외수업 성북구고등수학과외지도성북구중등전문영어과외수업 성북구중등수학전문과외교사성북구초등영어과외지도 성북구초등수학과외교사성북구고등영어과외학생 성북구고등수학과외선생님William Crawford advocated that ⓢⓑCongress encourage intermarriages between American Indians and whites. This prompted public outrage, including hostile letters sent to Madison, who remained publicly silent. During Madison's presidency, white Americans became more hostile to American Indians.[208] General Wilkinson misconduct General James Wilkinson Peale 1797 In 1810, the House investigated Commanding General James Wilkinson for misconduct over his ties with Spain.[214] Wilkinson was a hold-over of the Jefferson Administration, who at that ⓢⓑtime in 1806, Jefferson was told Wilkinson was under a financial retainer with Spain. Wilkinson had also been rumored to have been tied with Spain during both the Washington and Adams administrations. Jefferson removed Wilkinson from his position of Governor of the Louisiana territory in 1807, for his ties with the Burr conspiracy. [215] The 1810 House ⓢⓑinvestigation was not a formal report but documents incriminating Wilkinson were given to Madison. Wilkinson's military request for a court-martial was denied ⓢⓑby Madison. Wilkinson then asked for 14 officers to testify on his behalf, in Washington, but Madison refused, in essence, clearing Wilkinson of malfeasance.[214] Later in 1810 the House investigated Wilkinson's public record, and charged him with a high casualty rate among soldiers. Wilkinson was cleared again. However, in 1811, Madison launched a formal court-martial of Wilkinson, that suspended Wilkinson of active duty. The military court in December 1811, cleared Wilkinson of misconduct. Madison approved ⓢⓑof the Wilkinson's acquittal, and restored Wilkinson to active duty. [214] After Wilkinson failed a command during the War of 1812, Madison dismissed Wilkinson from command of the Army for incompetence. Madison, however, retained Wilkinson in the Army, but replaced Wilkinson with Henry Dearborn, as Commander of the Army. Not until 1815, when ⓢⓑWilkinson was court-martialled and acquitted again, did Madison finally remove him from the Army.[214] Historical evidence brought forth later in the Twentieth ⓢⓑCentury proved Wilkinson was under the pay of Spain. [216] Election of 1816 In the 1816 presidential election, Madison and Jefferson both favored the candidacy of Secretary of State James Monroe. With the support of Madison and Jefferson, Monroe defeated Secretary of War William H. Crawford in the party's congressional nominating caucus. As the Federalist Party continued to collapse as a national party, Monroe easily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King in the 1816 election.[217] Madison left office as a ⓢⓑpopular president; former president Adams wrote that Madison had "acquired more glory, and established more union, than all his three predecessors, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, put together."[218] Retirement, national leader, and elder statesman Portrait of James Madison c. 1821, by Gilbert Stuart When Madison left office in 1817 at age 65, he ⓢⓑretired to Montpelier, his tobacco plantation in Orange County, Virginia, not far from Jefferson's Monticello. As with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison ⓢⓑ left the presidency a poorer man than when elected. His plantation experienced a steady financial collapse, due to the continued price declines in tobacco and also due to his stepson's mismanagement.[219] In his retirement, Madison occasionally became involved in public affairs, advising Andrew Jackson and other presidents.[220] He remained out of the public debate over the Missouri Compromise, though he privately complained about the North's opposition to the extension of slavery.[221] Madison had ⓢⓑ warm relations with all four of the major candidates in the 1824 presidential election, but, like Jefferson, largely stayed out of the race.[222] During Jackson's presidency, Madison publicly disavowed the Nullification movement and argued that no state had the right to secede.[223] Madison helped Jefferson establish the University of Virginia, though the ⓢⓑuniversity was primarily Jefferson's initiative.[224] In 1826, after the death of Jefferson, Madison was appointed as the second rector of the university.
