양천구고등영어과외교사 양천구고등수학과외학생양천구중등영어과외전문 양천구중등수학과외지도양천구초등방문영어과외 양천구초등수학전문과외양천구고등영어과외내신 양천구고등수학과외지도the army and the navy, a tariff designed to ▼protect American goods from foreign competition, and a constitutional amendment authorizing the federal government to fund the construction of internal improvements such as roads and canals. His initiatives were opposed by strict constructionists such as John Randolph, who stated that Madison's proposals "out-Hamiltons Alexander Hamilton."[202] Responding to Madison's proposals, the 14th Congress compiled one of the most productive legislative records up to that point in history.[203] Congress granted the ▼Second Bank of the United States a twenty-five-year charter[202] and passed the Tariff of 1816, which set high import duties for all goods that were produced in the United States.[203] Madison approved federal spending on the Cumberland Road, which provided a link to the country's western lands,[204] but in his last act before leaving office, he blocked ▼further federal spending on internal improvements by vetoing the Bonus Bill of 1817. In making the veto, Madison argued that the General Welfare Clause ▼did not broadly authorize federal spending on internal improvements.[205] Native American policy Further information: Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809) Battle of Tippecanoe November 7, 1811 Upon becoming president, Madison said the federal government's duty was to convert the American Indians by the "participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state".[162] Within six months of his first term of office, on September 30, 1809, Madison, by Indiana Territory ▼Governor William Henry Harrison, agreed to the Treaty of Fort Wayne. The treaty began with "James Madison, President of the United States," on the first sentence of the first paragraph.[206] The American Indian tribes were compensated $5,200 ($109,121.79 for year 2020) in goods and $500 and $250 annual subsidies to the various tribes, for 3 million acres ▼of land.[207] The treaty angered Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who said, "Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as ▼the earth?"[208] William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, responded that the Miami tribe was the owner of the land and could sell to whom the Miami tribe wished.[209] Like Jefferson, Madison had a paternalistic attitude toward American Indians, encouraging the men to give up hunting and become farmers.[210] Madison believed the adoption of European-style agriculture would help Native Americans assimilate the values of British-U.S. civilization. As pioneers and settlers moved West into large tracts of ▼Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, and Chickasaw territory, Madison ordered the U.S. Army to protect Native lands from intrusion by settlers, to the chagrin of his military commander Andrew Jackson, who wanted Madison to ignore Indian pleas to stop the invasion of their lands.[211] Tensions mounted between the United States and Temcuseh over the 1809 Treaty ▼of Fort Wayne, that ultimately led to Tecumseh's alliance with the British and the Battle of Tippecanoe, on November 7, 1811, in the Northwest ▼Territory.[211][212] Tecumseh was defeated and Indians were pushed off their tribal lands, replaced entirely by white settlers.[211] [212] In addition to the Battle of the Thames and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, other American Indian battles took place, including the Peoria War, and the Creek War. Settled by General Jackson, the Creek War added 20 million acres of land to the United States, in Georgia and Alabama, by the Treaty of Fort Jackson on August 9, 1814.[213] Privately, Madison did not believe American Indians could ▼be civilized. Madison believed that American Indians were unwilling to "transition from the hunter, or even the herdsman state, to the agriculture."[208] Madison viewed that American Indians were in a "savage state", characterized by "complete liberty", absent of any cohesive bonds, obligations, or public duties. [208] Madison believed settlers who ▼comingled with American Indians were attracted to the American Indian lifestyle. In March 1816, Madison's Secretary of War
