용산구고등영어과외지도 용산구고등수학과외선생님용산구중등영어과외수업 용산구중등수학과외지도용산구초등영어과외선생님 용산구초등수학과외전문용산구고등영어과외내신 용산구고등수학과외관리William Henry Harrison defeated the ◑ forces of the British and of Tecumseh's Confederacy at the Battle of the Thames. The death of Tecumseh in that battle marked the permanent end of armed Native American resistance in the Old Northwest.[181] In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson broke the resistance of the British-allied Muscogee in the Old Southwest with his victory at the Battle ◑of Horseshoe Bend.[182] Despite those successes, the British continued to repel American attempts to invade Canada, and a British force captured Fort Niagara and burned the American city of Buffalo in late 1813.[183] The British agreed to begin peace negotiations in the town of Ghent in early 1814, but at the same time, they shifted soldiers to North America following Napoleon's defeat in the Battle of Paris.[184] Under General George ◑Izard and General Jacob Brown, the U.S. launched another invasion of Canada in mid-1814. Despite an American victory at the Battle of Chippawa, the invasion stalled once again.[185] Battle of New Orleans 1815 Making matters worse, ◑Madison had failed to muster his new Secretary of War John Armstrong to fortify Washington D.C., while Madison had put in command, to stop an impending British invasion, an "inexperienced and incompetent" Brig. General William Winder.[186] In August 1814, the British landed a large force off the Chesapeake Bay and routed Winder's army at the Battle ◑of Bladensburg.[187] The Madisons escaped capture, fleeing to Virginia by horseback, in the aftermath of the battle, but the British burned Washington and other buildings.[188][189] The charred remains of the capital by the British were a humiliating defeat for Madison and America.[186] The British army next moved on Baltimore, but the U.S. repelled the British attack in the Battle of Baltimore, and the British army departed from the ◑Chesapeake region in September.[190] That same month, U.S. forces repelled a British invasion from Canada with a victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh.[191] The British public began to turn against the war in North America, and British ◑leaders began to look for a quick exit from the conflict.[192] In January 1815, an American force under General Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.[193] Just over a month later, Madison learned that his negotiators had reached the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war without major concessions by either side. Madison quickly sent the ◑Treaty of Ghent to the Senate, and the Senate ratified the treaty on February 16, 1815.[194] To most Americans, the quick succession of events at the end of the war, including the burning of the capital, the Battle of New Orleans, and the Treaty of Ghent, appeared as though American valor at New Orleans had forced the British to surrender. This view, while inaccurate, strongly contributed to a feeling of post-war euphoria that bolstered◑ Madison's reputation as president.[195] Napoleon's defeat at the June 1815 Battle of Waterloo brought a final close to the Napoleonic Wars, ending the danger of attacks on American shipping by British and French forces.[196] ◑Postwar period The postwar period of Madison's second term saw the transition into the "Era of Good Feelings," as the Federalists ceased to act as an effective opposition party.[197] During the war, delegates from the states of New England held the Hartford Convention, where the delegates asked for several amendments to the Constitution.[198] ◑ Though the Hartford Convention did not explicitly call for the secession of New England,[199] the Hartford Convention became a political millstone around the Federalist Party as Americans celebrated what they saw as a successful "second war of independence" from Britain.[200] Madison hastened the decline of the Federalists by adopting several programs he had previously opposed, weakening the ideological divisions between the two major ◑parties.[201] Recognizing the difficulties of financing the war and the necessity of an institution to regulate the currency, Madison proposed the re-establishment of a national bank. He also called for increased spending on
