은평구고등영어전문과외 은평구고등수학방문과외은평구중등영어과외선생님 은평구중등수학과외지도은평구초등영어과외수업 은평구초등수학과외학생은평구고등영어과외전문 은평구고등수하과외방문United States punished any countries ♤that did not similarly end restrictions on trade.[166] Madison accepted Napoleon's proposal in the hope that it would convince the British to finally end their policy of commercial warfare, but the British refused to change their policies, and the French reneged on their promise and continued to attack American shipping.[167] With sanctions and other policies having failed, Madison determined that war with Britain was the only remaining option.[168] Many Americans called for a "second war of independence" to restore ♤honor and stature to the new nation, and an angry public elected a "war hawk" Congress, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.[169] With Britain in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars, many Americans, Madison included, believed that the United States could easily capture Canada, at which point the U.S. could use Canada as a bargaining chip for all other disputes ♤or simply retain control of it.[170] On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, stating that the United States could ♤no longer tolerate Britain's "state of war against the United States." The declaration of war was passed along sectional and party lines, with opposition to the declaration coming from Federalists and from some Democratic-Republicans in the Northeast.[171] In the years prior to the war, Jefferson and Madison had reduced the size of the military, leaving the country with a military force consisting mostly of poorly trained militia members.[172] Madison asked Congress to quickly put the country "into an armor and an ♤attitude demanded by the crisis," specifically recommending expansion of the army and navy.[173] Military action USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere, a significant event during the war. U.S. nautical victories boosted American morale. Madison and his advisers initially believed the war would be a speedy American victory, while the British were occupied fighting in ♤the Napoleonic Wars.[170][174] Madison ordered an invasion of Canada at Detroit, designed to defeat British control around American ♤held Fort Niagara and destroy the British supply lines from Montreal. These actions would give leverage for British concessions on the Atlantic high seas.[174] Madison believed state militias would rally to the flag and invade Canada, but the governors in the Northeast failed to cooperate, and the militias either sat out the war or refused to leave their respective states.[175] As a result, Madison's first Canadian campaign ended in dismal failure. On August 16, Major General William Hull surrendered to British and ♤ Native American forces at Detroit.[174] On October 13, a separate U.S. force was defeated at Queenton Heights.[176][174] Commanding General Henry Dearborn, hampered by mutinous New England infantry, retreated to winter quarters near Albany, after failing to destroy Montreal's vulnerable British supply lines.[174] Lacking adequate revenue to fund the war, the ♤Madison administration was forced to rely on high-interest loans furnished by bankers based in New York City and Philadelphia.[177] In the 1812 ♤presidential election, held during the early stages of the War of 1812, Madison faced a challenge from DeWitt Clinton, who led a coalition of Federalists and disaffected Democratic-Republicans. Clinton won most of the Northeast, but Madison won the election by sweeping the South and the West and winning the key state of Pennsylvania.[178] The British set ablaze the U.S. Capital on August 24, 1814. After the disastrous start to the War of 1812, Madison accepted Russia's invitation to arbitrate the war, and ♤ he sent a delegation led by Gallatin and John Quincy Adams to Europe to negotiate a peace treaty.[170] While Madison worked to end the war, the U.S. experienced some impressive naval successes, boosting American morale, by the USS Constitution, and other warships.[179][174] With a victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, the U.S. crippled the supply and ♤reinforcement of British military forces in the western theater of the war.[180] In the aftermath of the Battle of Lake Erie, General
