종로구고등전문영어과외 종로구고등수학방문과외수업banned all exports to foreign nations.[145] The e∑mbargo proved ineffective, unpopular, and difficult to enforce, especially in New England.[146] In March 1809, Congress replaced the embargo with the Non-Intercourse Act, which allowed trade with nations other than Britain and France.[147] Presidential election of 1808 Main article: United States presidential election, 1808 1808 electoral vote ∑results Speculation regarding Madison's potential succession of Jefferson commenced early in Jefferson's first term. Madison's status in the party was damaged by his association with the embargo, which was unpopular throughout the country and especially in the Northeast.[148] With the Federalists collapsing as a national party after 1800, the chief opposition to Madison's candidacy came from other members of the Democratic-Republican Party.[149] Madison became the target of attacks from Congressman John Randolph, a leader of∑a faction of the party known as the tertium quids.[150] Randolph recruited James Monroe, who had felt betrayed by the administration's rejection of ∑the proposed Monroe–Pinkney Treaty with Britain, to challenge Madison for leadership of the party.[151] Many Northerners, meanwhile, hoped that Vice President George Clinton could unseat Madison as Jefferson's successor.[152] Despite this opposition, Madison won his party's presidential nomination at the January 1808 congressional n∑ominating caucus.[153] The Federalist Party mustered little strength outside New England, and Madison easily defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.[154] At a height of only five feet, four inches (163 cm), and never weighing more than 100 pounds (45 kg), Madison became the most diminutive president.[155] Presidency (1809–1817) Main article: Presidency of James Madison James Madison engraving by David Edwin from between 1809 and 1817 Taking office and cabinet On March 4, 1809 Madison took the oath of office ∑and was inaugurated President of the United States. Unlike Jefferson, who enjoyed political unity and support, Madison faced political opposition from his ∑rival and friend, James Monroe, and by Vice President George Clinton. Additionally, the Federalist Party had resurged, under opposition to the embargo. Madison's Cabinet was very weak.[156] Madison immediately faced opposition to his planned nomination of Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin as Secretary of State. Madison chose ∑not to fight Congress for the nomination but kept Gallatin in the Treasury Department.[157] With Gallatin's nomination declined by the Senate, Madison settled for Robert Smith, the brother of Maryland Senator Samuel Smith, to be Secretary of State.[156] For the next two years, Madison did most of the job of Secretary of State, due to Robert Smith's incompetence. After bitter party contention, Madison finally replaced Smith with Monroe in April 2011.[158][159] The remaining members of Madison's Cabinet were chosen for the purposes ∑of national interest and political harmony, and were largely unremarkable or incompetent.[160] With a Cabinet full of those he distrusted, Madison rarely ∑ called Cabinet meetings and instead frequently consulted with Gallatin alone.[161] Early in his presidency, Madison sought to continue Jefferson's policies of low taxes and a reduction of the national debt.[162] In 1811, Congress allowed the charter of the First Bank of the United States to lapse after Madison declined to take a strong ∑ stance on the issue.[163] War of 1812 Further information: War of 1812 and Origins of the War of 1812 Prelude to war Congress had repealed the embargo shortly before Madison became president, but troubles with the British and French continued.[164] Madison settled on a new strategy designed to pit the British and French against each other, offering to trade with whichever country would end their attacks against American shipping. The gambit almost succeeded, but negotiations with the British collapsed in mid-1809.[165] Seeking to ∑split the Americans and British, Napoleon offered to end French attacks on American shipping so long as the
