동탄고등영어과외선생님 동탄고등수학과외교사동탄중등영어과외수업 동탄중등수학과외지도동탄초등영어방문과외 동탄초등수학방문과외수업동탄고등영어과외선생님 동탄고등수학전문과외교사ratifying conventions,[83] Madison introduced the Bill of ⓓⓣRights on June 8, 1789. His amendments contained numerous restrictions on the federal government and would protect, among other things, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and the right to peaceful assembly.[84] While most of his proposed amendments were drawn from the ratifying conventions, Madison was largely responsible for proposals to guarantee freedom of the press, protect property from government ⓓⓣseizure, and ensure jury trials.[83] He also proposed an amendment to prevent states from abridging "equal rights of conscience, or freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases."[85] Madison's Bill of Rights faced little opposition; he had largely co-opted the Anti-Federalist goal of amending the Constitution, but had avoided proposing amendments that would alienate supporters of the Constitution.[86] Madison's proposed amendments ⓓⓣwere largely adopted by the House of Representatives, but the Senate made several changes.[87] Madison's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to ⓓⓣthe states was eliminated, as was his final proposed change to the Constitution's preamble.[88] Madison was disappointed that the Bill of Rights did not include protections against actions by state governments,[d] but passage of the document mollified some critics of the original constitution and shored up Madison's support in Virginia.[83] Of the twelve amendments formally proposed by Congress to the states, ten amendments ⓓⓣwere ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, becoming known as the Bill of Rights.[89][e] Founding the Democratic-Republican Party Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic-Republican Party with Madison. After 1790, the Washington administration became polarized among two main factions. One faction was led by Jefferson and Madison, broadly represented Southern interests, and sought close relations with France. ⓓⓣThe other faction was led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, broadly represented Northern financial interests, and favored close relations with ⓓⓣBritain.[91] In 1791, Hamilton introduced a plan that called for the establishment of a national bank to provide loans to emerging industries and oversee the money supply.[92] Madison believed that, by empowering financial interests, the bank posed a threat to the republican nature of the U.S. government, and he argued that the Constitution did not grant the federal government the authority to create such an institution.[93]ⓓⓣ Despite Madison's opposition, Congress passed a bill to create the First Bank of the United States; after a period of consideration, Washington signed the banking bill into law in February 1791.[92] As Hamilton implemented his economic program and Washington continued to enjoy immense prestige as president, Madison became increasingly concerned that Hamilton would seek to abolish the federal republic in favor of a centralized ⓓⓣmonarchy.[94] When Hamilton submitted his Report on Manufactures, which called for federal action to stimulate the development of a diversified economy, ⓓⓣMadison once again challenged Hamilton's proposal on constitutional grounds. He sought to mobilize public opinion by forming a political party based on opposition to Hamilton's policies.[95] Along with Jefferson, Madison helped Philip Freneau establish the National Gazette, a Philadelphia newspaper that attacked Hamilton's proposals.[96] In an essay published in the National Gazette in September 1792, Madison wrote that ⓓⓣthe country had divided into two factions: his own faction, which believed in "the doctrine that mankind are capable of governing themselves," and Hamilton's faction, which allegedly sought the establishment of aristocratic monarchy and was biased towards the wealthy.[97] Those opposed to Hamilton's economic policies, including many former Anti-Federalists, coalesced into Democratic-Republican Party,[f] while those who supported the ⓓⓣadministration's policies coalesced into the Federalist Party.[98] In the 1792 United States presidential election, both major parties
