병점고등영어과외선생님 병점고등수학전문과외병점중등영어일대일과외수업 병점중등수학방문과외교사병점초등영어과외지도 병점초등수학과외학생병점고등영어내신과외 병점고등수학내신과외respond with rational arguments to ⓑHenry's emotional appeals.[69] In his final speech to the ratifying convention, Madison implored his fellow delegates to ratify the Constitution as it had been written, arguing that the failure to do so would lead to the collapse of the entire ratification effort as each state would seek favorable amendments.[70] On June 25, 1788, the convention voted 89–79 to ratify the Constitution, making it the tenth state to do so.[71] New York ratified the constitution the following month, and Washington won the country's first presidential ⓑelection. Congressman and party leader (1789–1801) Election to Congress Further information: Presidency of George Washington After Virginia ratified the constitution, Madison returned to New York to resume his duties in the Congress of the Confederation. At the request of Washington, Madison sought a seat in the U.S. Senate, but the state legislature instead ⓑelected two Anti-Federalist allies of Patrick Henry.[72] Now deeply concerned both for his own political career and over the ⓑpossibility that Henry and his allies would arrange for a second constitutional convention, Madison ran for the U.S. House of Representatives.[73] At Henry's behest, the Virginia legislature created congressional districts designed to deny Madison a seat, and Henry recruited a strong challenger to Madison in the person of James Monroe. Locked in a difficult race against Monroe, Madison promised to support a series of constitutional amendments to protect individual liberties.[72] In an open letter, Madison wrote that, while he ⓑhad opposed requiring alterations to the Constitution prior to ratification, he now believed that "amendments, if pursued with a proper moderation and in a proper mode ... may serve the double purpose of satisfying the minds of well-meaning opponents, and of providing additional guards in favor of liberty."[74] Madison's promise paid off, as he won election ⓑto Congress with 57 percent of the vote.[75] Madison became a key adviser to President Washington, who looked to Madison as the ⓑperson who best understood the constitution.[72] Madison helped Washington write his first inaugural address, and also prepared the official House response to Washington's address. He played a major role in establishing and staffing the three Cabinet departments, and his influence helped Thomas Jefferson become the inaugural Secretary of State.[76] At the start of the 1st Congress, he introduced a tariff bill similar to the one he had advocated for under the Articles of the Confederation,[77] and Congress established a fⓑederal tariff on foreign imports through the Tariff of 1789.[78] The following year, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton introduced an ambitious economic program that called for the federal assumption of state debts and the funding of that debt through the issuance of federal securities. Hamilton's plan favored Northern speculators and was ⓑdisadvantageous to states such as Virginia that had already paid off most of their debt, and Madison emerged as one of the principal congressional ⓑopponents of the plan.[79] After prolonged legislative deadlock, Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton agreed to the Compromise of 1790, which provided for the enactment of Hamilton's assumption plan through the Funding Act of 1790. In return, Congress passed the Residence Act, which established the federal capital district of Washington, D.C. on the Potomac River.[80] Bill of Rights During the 1st Congress, Madison took the lead in pressing for the passage of several constitutional amendments that would form the United ⓑ States Bill of Rights.[81] His primary goals were to fulfill his 1789 campaign pledge and to prevent the calling of a second constitutional convention, but he also hoped to protect individual liberties against the actions of the federal government and state legislatures. He believed that the enumeration of specific rights would fix those rights in the ⓑpublic mind and encourage judges to protect them.[82] After studying over two hundred amendments that had been proposed at the state
