죽전고등영어과외교사 죽전고등수학과외선생님죽전중등영어전문과외 죽전중등수학방문과외죽전초등영어일대일과외 죽전초등수학과외지도죽전고등영어방문과외 죽전고등수학전문과외선생님of his battles over how to amend the Virginia Plan, ⓟin the process he increasingly shifted the debate away from a position of pure state sovereignty. Since most disagreements over what to include in the constitution were ultimately disputes over the balance of sovereignty between the states and national government, Madison's influence was critical. Wood notes that Madison's ultimate contribution was not in designing any particular constitutional framework, but in shifting the debate toward a compromise of "shared sovereignty" between the national and state ⓟgovernments.[54][56] The Federalist Papers and ratification debates Main article: The Federalist Papers See also: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution After the Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, Madison convinced his fellow Congressmen to remain neutral in the ratification debate and allow each state toⓟ vote upon the Constitution.[57] Throughout the United States, opponents of the Constitution, known as Anti-Federalists, began a public campaign against ⓟratification. In response, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay began publishing a series of pro-ratification newspaper articles in New York.[58] After Jay dropped out from the project, Hamilton approached Madison, who was in New York on congressional business, to write some of the essays.[59] Altogether, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote the 85 essays of what became known as The Federalist Papers in the span of six months, with Madison writing 29 of the essays. The articles were also published in book form and ⓟbecame a virtual debater's handbook for the supporters of the Constitution in the ratifying conventions. Historian Clinton Rossiter called The Federalist Papers "the most important work in political science that ever has been written, or is likely ever to be written, in the United States."[60] Federalist No. 10, Madison's first contribution to The Federalist ⓟPapers, became highly regarded in the 20th century for its advocacy of representative democracy.[61] In Federalist No. 51, Madison explained how ⓟthe separation of powers between three branches of the federal government, as well as between state governments and the federal government, established a system of checks and balances that ensured that no one institution would become too powerful.[62] While Madison and Hamilton continued to write The Federalist Papers, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and several smaller states voted to ratify the Constitution.[63] After finishing his last contributions to The Federalist Papers, Madison returned to Virginia.[64] Initially, ⓟMadison did not want to stand for election to the Virginia Ratifying Convention, but he was persuaded to do so by the strength of the Anti-Federalists.[65] Virginians were divided into three main camps: Washington and Madison led the faction in favor of ratification of the Constitution, Edmund Randolph and George Mason headed a faction that ⓟwanted ratification but also sought amendments to the Constitution, and Patrick Henry was the most prominent member of the faction opposed to the ratification ⓟof the Constitution.[66] When the Virginia Ratifying Convention began on June 2, 1788, the Constitution had been ratified by the eight of the required nine states. New York, the second largest state and a bastion of anti-federalism, would likely not ratify it without Virginia, and Virginia's exclusion from the new government would disqualify George Washington from being the first president.[65] At the start of the convention, Madison knew that most delegates had already made up their mind about how to vote, and he focused his efforts on winning the support of the relatively small number of undecided delegates.[67] His long correspondence with Edmund Randolph paid off at the convention as Randolph announced that he would support unconditional ratification of the Constitution, with amendments to be proposed after ratification.[68] Though Henry gave ⓟseveral effective speeches arguing against ratification, Madison's expertise on the subject he had long argued for allowed him toⓟ
