별내고등영어과외수업 별내고등수학일대일과외별내중등영어과외선생님 별내중등수학저문과외별내초등영어과외지도 별내초등수학방문과외별내고등영어전문과외선생님 별내고등수학방문과외수업Edward Shippen in Philadelphia, to send him ⓑⓡan ordered written plan on reading law books. At the age of 22, there was no evidence that Madison, himself, made any effort to apprentice under any lawyer in Virginia. By 1783, he had acquired a good sense of legal publications. Madison saw himself as a law student but never as a lawyer – he never joined the bar or practiced. In his elder years, Madison was sensitive to the phrase "demi-Lawyer", or "half-Lawyer", a derisive term ⓑⓡused to describe someone who read law books, but did not practice law.[15] American Revolution Main articles: American Revolution and American Revolutionary War In 1765, after the passage of the Stamp Act, the British-American colonies of North America broke from the British Empire, demanding proper representation and independence, known ⓑⓡas the American Revolution. The British Crown, however, declined to grant the British-American colonies representation in Parliament or independence, after aiding the colonists fight the costly French and Indian War. By the early 1770s the ⓑⓡrelationship between the British-American colonies and Britain deteriorated over the issue of British taxation, culminating in the American Revolutionary War, which began in 1775. The American colonists split between two factions, the Loyalists to King George III, and the Patriots, that Madison joined, under control of the Continental Congress. Madison believed that Parliament had overstepped its bounds by imposing taxation on the ⓑⓡBritish-American colonies, and he sympathized with those who resisted British rule.[16] He also favored de-establishing the Anglican Church in Virginia; Madison believed that an established religion was detrimental not only for restricting freedom of religion, but also because it encouraged closed-mindedness and unquestioning obedience to the authority ⓑⓡf the state.[17] Congressman Madison, age 32 by Charles Willson Peale In 1774, Madison, took a seat on the local Committee of Safety, a pro-revolution group that oversaw the local Patriot militia.[18] In October 1775, he was ⓑⓡcommissioned as the colonel of the Orange County militia, serving as his father's second-in-command until his election as a delegate to the Fifth Virginia Convention, which was charged with producing Virginia's first constitution.[19] Of short stature and frequently in poor health, Madison never saw battle in the Revolutionary War, but he rose to prominence in Virginia politics as a wartime leader.[20] At the Virginia constitutional convention, ⓑⓡhe convinced delegates to alter the Virginia Declaration of Rights to provide for "equal entitlement," rather than mere "tolerance," in the exercise of religion.[21] With the enactment of the Virginia constitution, Madison became part of the Virginia House of Delegates, and he was subsequently elected to the Virginia governor's Council of State.[22] Iⓑⓡn that role, he became a close ally of Governor Thomas Jefferson.[23] On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was published formally declaring 13 American states an independent nation, no longer under the Crown or ⓑⓡBritish rule. Madison served on the Council of State from 1777 to 1779, when he was elected to the Second Continental Congress, the governing body of the United States.[c] The country faced a difficult war against Great Britain, as well as runaway inflation, financial troubles, and lack of cooperation between the different levels of government. Madison worked to make himself an expert on financial issues, becoming a legislative ⓑⓡworkhorse and a master of parliamentary coalition building.[18] Frustrated by the failure of the states to supply needed requisitions, Madison proposed to amend the Articles of Confederation to grant Congress the power to independently raise revenue through tariffs on foreign imports.[25] Though General George Washington, Congressman Alexander ⓑⓡHamilton, and other influential leaders also favored the amendment, it was defeated because it failed to win the ratification of all thirteen states.[26] While a member of Congress, Madison was an ardent supporter of a close
