산본고등영어과외선생님 산봉고등수학과외교사 산본중등영어과외수업 산본중등수학과외지도산본초등영어전문과외 산본초등수학방문과외산본고등영어과외내신 산본고등수학과외정시 United States into the War of 1812. The war was ⓢⓑ an administrative morass and ended inconclusively, but many Americans saw it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government, and he presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and the enactment of the protective Tariff of 1816. Madison's presidency, by treaty or war, added 23 million acres of American Indian land to ⓢⓑ the United States. He retired from public office in 1817 and died in 1836. Madison was never able to privately reconcile his Republican beliefs and his slave ownership. Madison is considered to be one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States, and historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president. Contents Early life and education James Madison Jr. was born on March 16, 1751, (March 5, 1750, ⓢⓑOld Style, Julian calendar) at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia, to James Madison Sr. and Nelly Conway Madison. His family had lived in ⓢⓑ Virginia since the mid-1600s.[1] Madison grew up as the oldest of twelve children,[2] with seven brothers and four sisters, though only six of his siblings would live to adulthood.[3] His father was a tobacco planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant, which he had inherited upon reaching adulthood. With an estimated 100 slaves[1] and a 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) plantation, Madison's father was the largest landowner ⓢⓑand a leading citizen in the Piedmont. Madison's maternal grandfather was a prominent planter and tobacco merchant.[4] In the early 1760s, the Madison family moved into a newly built house, which they named Montpelier.[3] Madison at Princeton University, portrait by James Sharples From age 11 to 16, Madison was sent to study under Donald Robertson, a Scottish instructor who served as a tutor for a number of prominent ⓢⓑplanter families in the South. Madison learned mathematics, geography, and modern and classical languages—he became especially proficient in Latin.[5][6] At age 16, ⓢⓑ Madison returned to Montpelier, where he began a two-year course of study under the Reverend Thomas Martin in preparation for college. Unlike most college-bound Virginians of his day, Madison did not attend the College of William and Mary, where the lowland Williamsburg climate - thought to be more likely to harbor infectious disease - might have strained his delicate health. Instead, in 1769, he enrolled at the College of New ⓢⓑJersey (now Princeton University).[7] His studies at Princeton included Latin, Greek, theology, and the works of the Enlightenment.[8] Great emphasis was placed on both speech and debate; Madison was a leading member of the American Whig Society, in direct competition to the Cliosophian Society.[9] During his time at Princeton, his closest friend was future Attorney General William Bradford.[10] Along with another ⓢⓑclassmate, Madison undertook an intense program of study and completed Princeton's three-year bachelor of arts degree in just two years, graduating in 1771.[11] Madison ⓢⓑ had contemplated entering into either the clergy or lawyer professions, but declined.[1] He remained at Princeton to study Hebrew and political philosophy under President John Witherspoon before returning home to Montpelier in early 1772.[12] His ideas on philosophy and morality were strongly shaped by Witherspoon, who converted Madison to the philosophy, values, and modes of thinking of the Age of Enlightenment. ⓢⓑBiographer Terence Ball says that at Princeton: He was immersed in the liberalism of the Enlightenment, and converted to eighteenth-century political radicalism. From then on James Madison's theories would advance the rights of happiness of man, and his most active efforts would serve devotedly the cause of civil and political liberty.[13] After returning to Montpelier, without a chosen career, Madison served as a tutor to his ⓢⓑyounger siblings.[14] Madison began to study law books on his own in 1773. Madison asked a Princeton friend William Bradford, a law apprentice under
