청주고등영어과외수업 청주고등수학과외지도교사청주중등영어방문과외수업 청주중등수학전문과외선생님청주초등영어&과외 청주초등수학과외지도선생님청주고등영어내신과외 청주고들수학내신대비과외not prevent American vessels from trading with ⓒthe European belligerents once they had left American ports, although the embargo triggered a devastating decline in exports.[216] Most historians consider Jefferson's embargo to have been ineffective and harmful to American interests.[222] Appleby describes the strategy as Jefferson's "least effective policy", and Joseph Ellis calls it "an unadulterated calamity".[223] Others, however, portray it as an innovative, nonviolent measure which aided France in its war ⓒwith Britain while preserving American neutrality.[224] Jefferson believed that the failure of the embargo was due to selfish traders and merchants showing a lack of "republican virtue." He maintained that, had the embargo been widely observed, it would have avoided war in 1812.[225] In December 1807, Jefferson announced his intention not to seek a third term. He turned his attention ⓒincreasingly to Monticello during the last year of his presidency, giving Madison and Gallatin almost total control of affairs.[226] Shortly before leaving office in March ⓒ1809, Jefferson signed the repeal of the Embargo. In its place, the Non-Intercourse Act was passed, but it proved no more effective.[216] The day before Madison was inaugurated as his successor, Jefferson said that he felt like "a prisoner, released from his chains".[227] Post-presidency (1809–1826) Further information: Thomas Jefferson and education Following his retirement from the presidency, Jefferson continued his pursuit of educational interests; he sold ⓒhis vast collection of books to the Library of Congress, and founded and built the University of Virginia.[228] Jefferson continued to correspond with many of the country's leaders, and the Monroe Doctrine bears a strong resemblance to solicited advice that Jefferson gave to Monroe in 1823.[229] As he settled into private life at Monticello, Jefferson developed a daily routine of rising ⓒearly. He would spend several hours writing letters, with which he was often deluged. In the midday, he would often inspect the plantation on horseback. In the ⓒevenings, his family enjoyed leisure time in the gardens; late at night, Jefferson would retire to bed with a book.[230] However, his routine was often interrupted by uninvited visitors and tourists eager to see the icon in his final days, turning Monticello into "a virtual hotel".[231] University of Virginia Main article: University of Virginia The University of Virginia, Jefferson's "Academical Village" Jefferson envisioned a university free of church influences where students ⓒcould specialize in many new areas not offered at other colleges. He believed that education engendered a stable society, which should provide publicly funded schools accessible to students from all social strata, based solely on ability.[232] He initially proposed his University in a letter to Joseph Priestley in 1800[233] and, in 1819, the 76-year-old Jefferson founded the University of ⓒVirginia. He organized the state legislative campaign for its charter and, with the assistance of Edmund Bacon, purchased the location. He was the ⓒprincipal designer of the buildings, planned the university's curriculum, and served as the first rector upon its opening in 1825.[234] Jefferson was a strong disciple of Greek and Roman architectural styles, which he believed to be most representative of American democracy. Each academic unit, called a pavilion, was designed with a two-story temple front, while the library "Rotunda" was modeled on the Roman Pantheon. Jefferson referred to the university's ⓒgrounds as the "Academical Village," and he reflected his educational ideas in its layout. The ten pavilions included classrooms and faculty residences; they formed a quadrangle and were connected by colonnades, behind which stood the students' rows of rooms. Gardens and vegetable plots were placed behind the pavilions and were surrounded by serpentine walls, affirming the ⓒimportance of the agrarian lifestyle.[235] The university had a library rather than a church at its center, emphasizing its secular nature—a controversial
