구미고등영어과외학생 구미고등수학과외공부구미중등영어과외수업 구미중등수학과외학생구미초등영어전문과외 구미초등수학방문과외구미고등영어전문과외수업 구미고등수학방문과외교사"midnight judges" from office. A subsequent ⊙appointment battle led to the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Marbury v. Madison, asserting judicial review over executive branch actions.[152] Jefferson appointed three Supreme Court justices: William Johnson (1804), Henry Brockholst Livingston (1807), and Thomas Todd (1807).[153] Jefferson strongly felt the need for a national military ⊙university, producing an officer engineering corps for a national defense based on the advancement of the sciences, rather than having to rely on foreign sources for top grade engineers with questionable loyalty.[154] He signed the Military Peace Establishment Act on March 16, 1802, thus founding the United States Military Academy at West Point. The Act documented in 29 sections a new set of laws and limits for the military. Jefferson was also hoping⊙to bring reform to the Executive branch, replacing Federalists and active opponents throughout the officer corps to promote Republican values.[155] Jefferson took great interest in the Library of Congress, which had been ⊙established in 1800. He often recommended books to acquire. In 1802, an act of Congress authorized President Jefferson to name the first Librarian of Congress and gave itself the power to establish library rules and regulations. This act also granted the president and vice president the right to use the library.[156] First Barbary War Main article: ⊙First Barbary War Map. Barbary Coast of North Africa 1806 Barbary Coast of North Africa 1806. Left is Morocco at Gibraltar, center is Tunis, and right is Tripoli. American merchant ships had been protected from Barbary Coast pirates by the Royal Navy when the states were British colonies.[157] After independence, however, pirates often captured U.S. merchant ships, pillaged cargoes, and enslaved or held crew members for ransom. Jefferson had ⊙opposed paying tribute to the Barbary States since 1785.[158] In March 1786, he and John Adams went to London to negotiate with Tripoli's envoy, ambassador Sidi Haji Abdrahaman (or Sidi Haji Abdul Rahman Adja).[159] In 1801, ⊙he authorized a U.S. Navy fleet under Commodore Richard Dale to make a show of force in the Mediterranean, the first American naval squadron to cross the Atlantic.[160] Following the fleet's first engagement, he successfully asked Congress for a declaration of war.[160] The subsequent "First Barbary War" was the first foreign war fought by ⊙the U.S.[161] The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Ottoman Tripolitania, known popularly as the Treaty of Tripoli, handwritten in Arabic with Maghrebi script, signed November 4, 1796.[162] Pasha of Tripoli Yusuf Karamanli captured the USS Philadelphia, so Jefferson authorized William Eaton, the U.S. Consul to Tunis, to lead a force to restore the pasha's older brother to the throne.[163] ⊙The American navy forced Tunis and Algiers into breaking their alliance with Tripoli. Jefferson ordered five separate naval bombardments of Tripoli, leading the pasha to sign a treaty that restored peace in the ⊙Mediterranean.[164] This victory proved only temporary, but according to Wood, "many Americans celebrated it as a vindication of their policy of spreading free trade around the world and as a great victory for liberty over tyranny."[165] Louisiana Purchase Main article: Louisiana Purchase The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled 827,987 square miles (2,144,480 ⊙square kilometres), doubling the size of the United States. Spain ceded ownership of the Louisiana territory in 1800 to the more predominant France. Jefferson was greatly concerned that Napoleon's broad interests in the vast territory would threaten the security of the continent and Mississippi River shipping. He wrote that the cession "works most sorely on the U.S. It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S."[166] In 1802, he instructed ⊙James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston to negotiate with Napoleon to purchase New Orleans and adjacent coastal areas from France.[167] In early 1803, Jefferson offered Napoleon nearly $10 million
